Becoming a U.S. Citizen
Naturalization is the legal process by which a foreign national becomes a U.S. citizen. It is the final step in the immigration journey for millions of permanent residents each year. U.S. citizenship grants the right to vote, serve on juries, run for public office, sponsor family members for immigration, and obtain a U.S. passport.
General Eligibility Requirements
- Be at least 18 years old
- Be a lawful permanent resident (green card holder)
- Have continuous residence in the U.S. for at least 5 years (3 years if married to a U.S. citizen)
- Have been physically present in the U.S. for at least 30 months (18 months for spouses of citizens) during the statutory period
- Have lived in the state where you are applying for at least 3 months
- Demonstrate good moral character
- Pass an English language test (reading, writing, and speaking)
- Pass a U.S. civics test (100 questions about U.S. history and government)
- Demonstrate attachment to the principles of the U.S. Constitution
Application Process
- File Form N-400 — Application for Naturalization
- Biometrics appointment — Fingerprinting and background check
- Interview — USCIS officer reviews application, tests English and civics knowledge
- Decision — Approval, continuance, or denial
- Oath of Allegiance — Ceremony where you officially become a U.S. citizen
The Civics Test
Applicants must correctly answer 6 out of 10 randomly selected questions from a pool of 100 about American government and history. Topics include the Constitution, branches of government, rights and responsibilities, American history, and geography. Study materials are available on the USCIS website.
English Language Exemptions
- 50/20 exemption: Age 50+ with 20+ years as an LPR — may take the civics test in your native language
- 55/15 exemption: Age 55+ with 15+ years as an LPR — may take the civics test in your native language
- Disability exemption: Medical disability waiver (Form N-648) for English and/or civics requirements
Dual Citizenship
The United States does not require naturalized citizens to renounce their previous citizenship. However, during the oath ceremony, applicants formally renounce allegiance to foreign states. Whether you can maintain dual citizenship depends on the laws of your country of origin.